Exploring the Importance of Microplastic as a Vector of Metals to Suspension Feeders
C.E. Bruno & W.G. Wallace
In some areas of the ocean, specifically, the Northern Pacific Gyre, plastic waste currently outweighs plankton (Moore et al. 2001). Over time, this waste breaks down via wave action and exposure to ultraviolet radiation into microplastic (MP) particles. MP, any plastic particle smaller than 5 mm in diameter, may also be introduced into the marine environment via air advection, runoff, or wastewater treatment effluent. Ingestion of MP by marine invertebrates from a variety of taxa is now well documented (Cole et al. 2013, Van Cauwenberghe et al. 2015b), however, the effects of MP ingestion vary among taxa complicating consensus on MP’s toxicity. Additionally, when ingested, MP may serve as a vector of adsorbed substances compounding any toxicological effects (Koelmans et al. 2016). Studies have shown that metals (Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, Chromium et al.), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other toxic hydrocarbons readily adsorb to the surface of plastic particles (Brennecke et al. 2016, Ashton et al. 2010). As such, these substances are potentially bioavailable to organisms that inadvertently ingest MP (Besseling et al. 2014, Wright et al. 2013). However, any effects of the ingestion of pollutants associated with MP and/or trophic transfer of toxic substances up the food chain are largely unknown (Wright et al. 2013, Andrady et al. 2011). Assessing how marine invertebrates are affected by the ingestion of MP is important in understanding how MP enter the marine food web, how associated toxins may be transferred to higher trophic levels, how these MP affect marine ecosystems (Carbery et al. 2018), and how they can potentially affect human health.